Information Research
Special Issue: Proceedings of the 15th ISIC - The Information Behaviour Conference, Aalborg, Denmark, August 26-29, 2024
Models and theories that can guide grief and bereavement information interventions: an information behaviour lens
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47989/ir292828
Abstract
Introduction. Information behaviour in grief, bereavement, death, dying and its influence on the development of information interventions is understudied. Although pragmatic and evidence-based practices work well, theoretical and conceptual models, research findings and theories should inform grief and bereavement information interventions developed by specialist counsellors. Extensive literature on death, dying, grief and bereavement counselling/therapy and information behaviour per se, does not address this need. This paper reports on work in progress exploring existing theories and models that might guide research.
Method. Scoping review of literature from applicable disciplines (health, social work, religion, psychology, library/information science) for theories/models reported in grief and bereavement counselling and bereavement information intervention design. The focus is on information behaviour and all related information activities.
Analysis. Two tables based on a content analysis that show theories/models that hold value for information interventions and studies of information behaviour.
Results. The analysis reveals a spectrum of theories including grief theory, grief stage theory, theory of motivated information management. Models for consideration include bereavement model, transtheoretical model (narratives), social interaction model.
Conclusion. Information behaviour research should continue to strive in conceptually and theoretically informing grief and bereavement information interventions, practices and work in grief and bereavement counselling.
Introduction
Grief and bereavement affect all people from all sectors of society and although many try to cope on their own, support and counselling through trained professionals in grief and bereavement counselling can ease the process, and adaptation needed to cope and make sense (Harris and Winokuer, 2019; Steffen et al., 2023). The impact of death and dying is even more prominent during times of pandemics, natural disasters and war (Chachar et al., 2021). Grief (i.e., process following loss e.g., of a person dying) and bereavement (a state of loss e.g., from death) are very complex with numerous factors influencing experiences, great differences in individual levels of coping and with no time limit (Worden, 2018). Sometimes grieve escalates to prolonged, complicated or traumatic grief and in extreme cases to psychiatric care (Li et al., 2015); some situations are more unique e.g. dementia grief (Blandin and Pepin, 2017). Grief and bereavement also apply to other situations of loss e.g. divorce, losing a job or house or moving to another country as a refugee. This paper focuses on grief and bereavement related to the death of people.
Earlier information behaviour research addressed temporality (time), spatiality and space influences, multiplicity of complex contexts and the impact of progression in situations (i.e., situations-in-progress). The phenomenology of death, i.e., how it happened, influences information needs and behaviour during grief and bereavement (Fourie, 2020). There are many other influences. This paper will not consider these; the focus is on theories and models that might inform intervention research and that can inform practices of grief and bereavement counselling (Fraser et al., 2009). For intervention research you require knowledge of the problem, read work around the practices, but also understand the broader field.
Grief and bereavement counselling are offered by trained professionals/councillors/therapists, religious workers and volunteers. Globally many organisations specialise in such support, counselling and sometimes even education e.g., Grief Australia, Novia Scotia palliative care bereavement support program, St Francis Hospice and the Vereniging Leven met Dood in The Netherlands. Their programs are based on disciplinary training, practical guidelines and experience, evidence-based decisions and creativity. Many textbooks and practical guides are available (Coenen and Pimas, 2020; Worden, 2018). These programs rely strongly on components and activities associated with information behaviour such as information sources, information provision, information sharing and knowledge of what information grieving people need and how they seek information (Dias et al., 2019; Paun and Cothran, 2019). Information behaviour as the field of study that can inform such interventions are, however, seldom explicitly acknowledged.
Timely and appropriate information and support, based on knowledge of information needs and information behaviour can make a difference to quality of life, coping and making sense. There are many contexts where information behaviour is understudied… Grieving is an ongoing process that can benefit from more appropriate information support and understanding (Fourie, 2020).
A deep contextualised more holistic understanding of the complexities of information behaviour in grief and bereavement is required to fully benefit from information interventions integrated with other support (Fourie, 2020).
Grief and bereavement counselling and information behaviour can both inform each other; their models and theories can open new opportunities for interdisciplinary and intervention research. This short paper was inspired by a query from an organisation offering counselling to the bereaved; they wanted to know if there are more work similar to what the author discussed in an earlier paper (Fourie, 2020). The work of Kochen et al. (2020), Hutti and Limbo (2019), Stroebe (2001) and Supiano (2019) show that alignment with theories and models can support grief and bereavement counselling and information interventions. Some general discussions on models and theories and textbooks can shed deeper light (Balk, 1996; Bath 2009; Brown, 2019; Fasse et al., 2014; Gillies and Neimeyer, 2006).
The question that guided this paper is thus:
Which models and theories regarding grief and bereavement (including counselling) research can guide information interventions and how can these inform information behaviour research related to grief and bereavement counselling?
This is a short paper reporting on work in progress. The clarification of core concepts, methodology followed, the analysis and findings, a matrix of theories and models, recommendations and a conclusion are presented.
Clarification of concepts
Bereavement and bereavement counselling
Bereavement refers to the state of loss; mostly when a loved one dies. A person in bereavement needs to adapt to the loss, recover and live in a new reality in which the deceased is absent, and where individuals learn to live without what they have lost (Medlineplus, 2020). ‘Bereavement counselling refers to counselling offered to individuals who have suffered a loss, typically the death of a loved one, in order to help the bereaved through the process of mourning and recovery’ (‘Bereavement Counseling’).
Grief and grief counselling
Grief follows the loss of something, most notably the loss of a person passing away. It is strongly related to death and dying. It is ‘a natural multifaceted, multi-occurring response that individuals experience throughout their lives to a variety of losses, most notably the death of someone with whom a close bond of affection was shared such as a father grieving the loss of a child or a child grieving the loss of a parent’ (Fourie, 2020 citing Aho et al., 2011; Jones et al., 2015). It can become long and complicated (Mason and Tofthagen, 2019). The concept grief counselling is often used interchangeably with bereavement counselling. It is ‘a form of psychotherapy that aims to help people cope with the physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and cognitive responses to loss. These experiences are commonly thought to be brought on by a loved person’s death…’ (Wikipedia; Worden, 2018).
Information behaviour
Information behaviour refers to all information-related activities and encounters, including information seeking, information searching, browsing, recognising and expressing information needs, information encountering, information avoidance, information processing, information sharing and information use (Julien and Fourie, 2014); the definition was developed from the work of Case, Given, Savolainen and Wilson.
Method
The paper is based on a scoping review of literature from applicable disciplines (health, social work, religion, psychology, library/information science) for theories and models reported in grief and bereavement counselling and bereavement information support and intervention design. The focus is on information behaviour and all related information activities. Although a wealth of literature on grief and bereavement is available from health, psychological, religious and social work sciences and adjacent fields (Coenen and Pimas, 2020; Harris and Winokuer, 2019; Steffen et al., 2023; Worden, 2018), grief and bereavement and related counselling and support are still understudied in terms of information behaviour. Some work from Library and Information Science that was published since 2020 include Abidin (2022), Conner et al. (2022), Dominguez-Rodriguez et al. (2023), Douglas et al. (2022), Hamdan and Sayyed (2022), Justice (2021), May (2023), Morley (2023), Poor et al. (2022), Pretorius et al. (2020), Sengupta and Tacheva (2021) and Choi et. al. (2023). The focus is on social media (Facebook, Instagram, online support, Internet searching), grief support for a colleague and a grief collection in a hospital library. The only two studies I could trace that is explicitly related to information behaviour are Zimmerman (2023) reporting on the needs of suicide survivors and Dinneen et al. (2024) that writes from the perspective of information management. Earlier work by myself (Fourie, 2020), published in the open access journal, Information Research, provide more extensive background, explanations and references.
Many of the models in information behaviour might hold potential for information behaviour research in grief and bereavement counselling, but none are explicitly positioned as such. I thus moved to the literature of supporting disciplines to identify relevant theories and models. Databases searched include all the EbscoHost and Proquest databases to which the institutional Library subscribes (including Library and Information Science Abstracts [LISA], Library and Information Science Technology Abstracts [LISTA], Emerald Insight, ScienceDirect and Web of Science). The following terms/truncated terms had to appear in the title of articles/conference papers: grief, griev*, bereave*, bereavement in combination with theor*, model*. Only full text articles/conference papers available in English were selected for further analysis. No restriction was placed on the date of publication.
Qualitative content analysis (Krippendorff, 2013) was applied to identify theories and models that could guide information interventions in grief and bereavement counselling as seen through an information behaviour lens. Titles and abstracts were analysed to identify theories and models that may hold value for work on information interventions and information behaviour research and the focus of where and how these were applied. In further work full-text papers will be analysed to identify constructs, components, activities, triggers and influences of information behaviour e.g. information needs, information activities, contexts, time, space.
Analysis and discussion
The content analysis focused only on titles and abstracts of documents. As shown in table 1, the theory that stood out most is the grief stage theory. Grief stage theory can inform work on time and temporality when studying contexts in information behaviour studies on grief and bereavement and it would be important to consider when planning information interventions for different stages of grief. Other theories mentioned in Table 1 address a variety of issues that would require a closer look when proceeding with the research. Such work needs to be assessed in detail as structure for what is presented in this paper. There are also more comprehensive discussions of theory and models in grief and bereavement that need to be considered (e.g., Bonanno, 2001).
Table 1 presents the theories holding the most potential for further exploration and intervention research specifically targeting information interventions approached from an information behaviour perspective. Some of the theories are based on activities that falls under information behaviour e.g. the sharing of memories (that might be interpreted as information) through therapeutic writing (Den Elzen, 2021) or forms of information that needs to be considered e.g. cues as mentioned by Boddez (2018) who also brings in knowledge and learning in a discussion on the application of conditioning theory. Other theories such as experiential theory based on the work of Kolb have featured in information behaviour research such as the work of Kuhlthau (1999) on the information search process. Some theories can be explored to determine how they can highlight triggers and influences of information behaviour. This is true for amongst other the attachment and emotional security theories. Theory of motivated information management (Droser, 2020) has been used in studies on information seeking.
| Theory | Authors | Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Attachment theory | Field et al. (2005) Jacobs et al. (1987) |
Continuation of bonds in bereavement Multiple dimensions of death |
| Conditioning theory | Boddez (2018) | Focus on absence |
| Dialogical self-theory | Den Elzen (2021) | Therapeutic writing and grief memoirs |
| Emotional security theory | Hardt et al. (2019) | Sibling bereavement |
| Experiential theory | Hogan et al. (1996) | Experiential theory of bereavement |
| Grief theory | Adolfsson and Larsson (2010) Granek (2010) |
Swedish women’s experiences after early miscarriage Evolution of grief theory in psychology |
| Grief stage theory | Bonanno and Boerner (2007) Cohen (2018). Daniel (2023) Holland and Neimeyer (2010) Maciejewski et al. (2007) |
Discussion of the theory Music and Pink Floyd Persistence of the theory Grief among individuals bereaved by natural and violent cause Empirical examination |
| Linville's self-complexity theory | Meekings (2019) | Writing through loss |
| Mindfulness-to-meaning theory | Williams et al. (2021) | Posttraumatic growth in the context of grief |
| Personal construct theory of death and loss | Viney (1991) | Use in individually oriented grief therapy |
| Planned behaviour perspective | Bath (2009) | Prediction of social support for grieving persons |
| Psychodynamic theories | Berzoff (2003) | Application to grief and bereavement |
| Relational theory of grief | Strawn (2005) | Paradox of loss |
| Ritual theory | Bothe-Smith and Dreyer (2014) | Pastoral care and grief |
| Self-determination theory | Lumb et al. (2017) | Posttraumatic growth and bereavement |
| Self-compassion theoretical model | Zhang et al. (2023) | Intervention for caregivers of children in parentally bereaved families |
| Theory of grief recovery (TOGR) | Nolan and Hallam (2019) | Paradigm toward our understanding of grief and loss |
| Theory of motivated information management | Droser (2020) | Information seeking and grief in bereaved emerging adults |
| Turbulence theory | Tian and Solomon (2020) | Women's grief following miscarriage |
| Unifying theory | Hill et al. (2019) | Belongingness and suicide ideation in bereaved adolescents |
Table 1. Theories holding the most potential for further exploration in intersecting information behaviour and grief and bereavement counselling and intervention research
Both theories and models can inform and guide research (Given et al., 2023). That applies for research in information behaviour as well as research on grief and bereavement.
Table 2 presents the models from grief and bereavement literature holding the most potential for further exploration and information intervention research from information behaviour perspectives. Models that stood out are the dual process model and the two-track model of bereavement. Other models cover a variety of aspects that require further investigation.
| Model | Authors | Focus |
|---|---|---|
| Acceptance-disclosure model of LGBT | Bristowe et al. (2023) | LGBT and bereavement |
| Adaptive model of grief | Gamino et al. (2000) | A grief study working towards an adaptive model of grief |
Attachment and loss (models) Attachment path model Attachment-based model |
Fraley and Bonanno (2004) Kho et al. (2015) Shear et al. (2007) |
Comparing three models with relation to attachment-related avoidance and adaptation to bereavement Relationships and grief in older adults Complicated grief including the role of avoidance |
| ATTEND Model | Thieleman et al. (2014) | Traumatic bereavement and mindfulness |
| Bereavement model | Alaszewski et al. (2004) | Stroke rehabilitation |
| Bronfenbrenner bioecological model | Chachar et al. (2021) | Death and grief among children during the COVID-19 pandemic |
| Calvary model of non-abandonment | Schachter and Georgopoulos (2010) | Facilitation of open communication in bereavement. |
| Care model | Gilbert et al. (2021) | Model of employee bereavement support |
| Cognitive attachment model | MacCallum and Bryant (2013) | Integration of attachments, memory and identity |
| Cognitive behaviour couple therapy-REBT model | Malkinson and Brask-Rustad (2013) | Traumatic bereavement |
| Cognitive-constructivist model | Neimeyer (2006) | Complicated grief and the reconstruction of meaning: |
| Cross-cultural model of grief | Klass (1999) | A review |
| Five-factor model | Goetter et al. (2019) | Bereaved adults with and without complicated grief |
| Interpersonal neurobiological-informed treatment model | Crenshaw (2006) | Childhood traumatic grief |
| Dual process model | Bennett et al. (2010) Calabria and Cheswick (2023) Cantwell-Bartl (2018) Caserta and Lund (2007) Chen et al. (2019) Fasse and Zech (2016) Fiore (2021) Green et al. (2021) Lund et al. (2010) McKiernan et al. (2018) McManus et al. (2018) Richardson (2010) Stroebe and Schut (1999) Yu, et al. (2022) |
Coping with bereavement Cognitive and behavioural strategies to support a man with mild-moderate learning disabilities Parents whose child has a constant life-threatening disability Widowed life and coping with bereavement Mothers coping with bereavement in the 2008 China earthquake Subjective experiences of bereaved spouses Systematic review Art therapy with grieving children Experiences and early coping of bereaved spouses and partners Young people’s relationship breakups Restoration and loss after disaster Length of caregiving and well-being among older widowers Coping with bereavement: rationale and description of the model COVID-19 bereaved Individuals |
| Family grief therapy model | Kissane et al. (1998) | Promoting healthy family functioning during palliative care and bereavement |
| Grief reaction model | Tatsuno et al. (2012) | Families who experienced acute bereavement in Japan |
| Heuristic model | Horacek (1995) | Grief after high-grief deaths |
| Health professionals grieving process model | Papadatou (2000) Redinbaugh (2001) |
Health professionals' grieving process Health care professionals' grief: a model based on occupational style and coping |
| Integrated explanatory model | Chow (2010) | Anticipatory anniversary effects |
| Integrated process/ coping model | Guldin and Leget (2023) Stroebe and Schut (2015) |
An interprofessional attempt to understand loss and grief Family matters in bereavement |
| Integrative model of grief | Moos (1995) | Modelling grief |
| Irish model of bereavement support | Walsh et al. (2008) | Bereavement support in an acute hospital |
| Latent growth mixture model | Smith and Ehlers (2020) | Cognitive predictors of grief trajectories in the first months of loss |
| Loss-grief addiction model | Beechem et al. (1996) | Loss, grief and addition |
| Meaning making model | Wortmann and Park (2009) | Religion/spirituality and change in meaning after bereavement |
| Mediational model | Currier et al. (2006). Milman et al. (2019) Yu et al. (2016) |
Sense-making, grief, and the experience of violent loss Prolonged grief and the disruption of meaning Continuing bonds |
| Mindfulness-based bereavement care model | Cacciatore and Flint (2012) | Bereavement and care |
| Model of adjustment | Williams and Polak (1979) | Primary prevention - in acute grief |
| Model(s) of linear and cyclical grief | Worthington (1994) | Different approaches to different experiences |
| Model for understanding | Batten and Oltjenbruns (1999) | Adolescent sibling bereavement as a catalyst for spiritual development |
| Multidimensional model of related factors | Albuquerque et al. (2018) Kaplow et al. (2013) |
Posttraumatic growth in bereaved parents Exploring the effects of deployment, reintegration and death on military youth and children |
| Parental grief model | Klass and Marwit (1988) | An attempt to develop a parental grief model |
| Process based model | Yehene et al. (2021) | Caregivers' grief in acquired non-death interpersonal loss |
| Reflective self (model) | Nerken (1993) | Loss resolution and growth |
| Self-compassion model for intervention | Zhang et al. (2023) | Caregivers of children in parentally bereaved families |
| Process model of stigmatised loss | Minton et al. (2023) | Identity-threatened experiences of bereaved mothers |
| Social interaction model | Baddeley and Singer (2009) | Bereavement narrative disclosure |
| Social-ecological model | Fisk (2023) | Complexity and embeddedness of grief |
| Support group model | Jordan and Ware (1997) | Adults grieving the death of a parent |
| Transtheoretical model (narratives) | Ando et al. (2014) Calderwood (2011) |
Bereaved family members in the bereavement life review Adapting the model to the bereavement process |
| Two-track model of bereavement | Malkinson et al. (2006) Manevich et al. (2023) McDuffie et al. (2022) Malkinson et al. (2006) Rubin et al. (2017) Rubin (1999) Rubin et al. (2021) Rubin and Shechory-Stahl (2012) |
Therapeutic issues and the relationship to the deceased Risk and resilience and dementia grief among spouses of people living with cognitive decline African American adults Therapeutic issues and the relationship to the deceased Bereavement and traumatic bereavement Overview, retrospect and prospect. Dementia grief (TTM-DG): continuing bond in sickness and in death Continuing bonds of bereaved parents: a ten-year follow-up study |
Table 2. Models holding the most potential for further exploration in intersecting information behaviour and grief and bereavement counselling and intervention research
Results and recommendations
Tables 1 and 2 show a spectrum of theories and models that need to be mapped to theories and models in the field of information behaviour and to information activities that need to be studied e.g. recognition of information needs, information sharing – the issues that need to be addressed in grief and bereavement interventions. It is evident that information processing and progress in the process of grieving are very important. Further in-depth work can pave the way for both theoretical/conceptual development of models to reflect information behaviour in the processes of grief and bereavement counselling as well as intervention research with organisations involved in grief and bereavement counselling.
Conclusion
Information behaviour research should continue to strive in conceptually and theoretically informing grief and bereavement information interventions, practices and work in grief and bereavement counselling. An understanding of how the theories and models reported in grief and bereavement counselling, interventions and research can be used is, however, essential.
About the author
Dr Ina Fourie is a Full Professor and experienced information behaviour researcher, Chair-Elect of the iSchool Board, EXARRO Chair in Extended Reality (XR) (University of Pretoria) and former Head of the Department of Information Science and Chair of the School of Information Technology (iSchool), University of Pretoria. She served on the ISIC steering Committee (2016-2023) as secretary and vice-chair. Her core research interest is health information behaviour and palliative care. ina.fourie@up.ac.za
References
Abidin, C. (2022). Grief hypejacking: influencers, #ThoughtsAndPrayers, and the commodification of grief on Instagram. Information Society, 38(3), 174-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2022.2071212
Adolfsson, A., & Larsson, P.G. (2010). Applicability of general grief theory to Swedish women's experience after early miscarriage, with factor analysis of Bonanno's taxonomy, using the Perinatal Grief Scale. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 115(3), 201-209. https://doi.org/10.3109/03009731003739851
Aho, A.L., Astedt-Kurki, P., Tarkka, M.-T., & Kaunonen, M. (2011). Development and implementation of a bereavement follow-up intervention for grieving fathers: an action research. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20(3-4), 408-419. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03523.x
Alaszewski, A., Alaszewski, H., & Potter, J. (2004). The bereavement model, stroke and rehabilitation: a critical analysis of the use of a psychological model in professional practice. Disability and Rehabilitation, 26(18), 1067-1078. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280410001703521
Albuquerque, S., Narciso, I., & Pereira, M. (2018). Posttraumatic growth in bereaved parents: a multidimensional model of associated factors. Psychological Trauma-Theory Research Practice and Policy, 10(2), 199-207. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000305
Ando, M., Tsuda, A., Morita, T., Miyashita, M., Sanjo, M., & Shima, Y. (2014). A pilot study of adaptation of the transtheoretical model to narratives of bereaved family members in the bereavement life review. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 31(4), 422-427. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909113490068
Baddeley, J.L., & Singer, J.A. (2009). A social interactional model of bereavement narrative disclosure. Review of General Psychology, 13(3), 202-218. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015655
Balk, D.E. (1996). Models for understanding adolescent coping with bereavement. Death Studies, 20(4), 367-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481189608252788
Bath, D.M. (2009). Predicting social support for grieving persons: a theory of planned behavior perspective. Death Studies, 33(10), 869-889, Article Pii 915994664. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180903251547
Batten, M., & Oltjenbruns, K.A. (1999). Adolescent sibling bereavement as a catalyst for spiritual development: a model for understanding. Death Studies, 23(6), 529-546. https://doi.org/10.1080/074811899200876
Beechem, M.H., Prewitt, J., & Scholar, J. (1996). Loss-grief addiction model. Journal of Drug Education, 26(2), 183-198. https://doi.org/10.2190/0gxh-9q2y-9nug-uq24
Bennett, K.M., Gibbons, K., & Mackenzie-Smith, S. (2010). Loss and restoration in later life: an examination of dual process model of coping with bereavement. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 61(4), 315-332. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.61.4.d
"Bereavement Counseling" The Gale Encyclopedia of Senior Health: A Guide for Seniors and Their Caregivers. Retrieved January 08, 2024 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/caregiving/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bereavement-counseling
Berzoff, J. (2003). Psychodynamic theories in grief and bereavement. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 73(3), 273-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377310309517686
Blandin, K., & Pepin, R. (2017). Dementia grief: a theoretical model of a unique grief experience. Dementia-International Journal of Social Research and Practice, 16(1), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301215581081
Boddez, Y. (2018). The presence of your absence: a conditioning theory of grief. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 106, 18-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.04.006
Bonanno, G.A. (2001). New directions in bereavement research and theory - introduction. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(5), 718-725.
Bonanno, G.A., & Boerner, K. (2007). The stage theory of grief. Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association, 297(24), 2693-2693. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.24.2693-a
Bothe-Smith, S., & Dreyer, Y. (2014). The value of ritual theory for pastoral care in times of grief. Theological Studies, 70(3), Article 2770. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v70i3.2770
Bristowe, K., Timmins, L., Braybrook, D., Marshall, S., Pitman, A., Johnson, K., Day, E., Clift, P., Rose, R., Yi, D.K., Yu, P.H., Gao, W., Roach, A., Almack, K., King, M., & Harding, R. (2023). LGBT plus partner bereavement and appraisal of the acceptance-disclosure model of LGBT plus bereavement: a qualitative interview study. Palliative Medicine, 37(2), 221-234. https://doi.org/10.1177/02692163221138620
Brown, S. (2019). New models of bereavement theory and treatment: new mourning. Psychoanalytic Social Work, 26(2), 208-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228878.2019.1567351
Cacciatore, J., & Flint, M. (2012). Attend: toward a mindfulness-based bereavement care model. Death Studies, 36(1), 61-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2011.591275
Calabria, L., & Cheswick, C. (2023). Using cognitive and behavioural strategies to support a man with mild-moderate learning disabilities navigate the dual process model of grief: a clinical case study. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 51(4), 597-607. https://doi.org/10.1111/bld.12540
Calderwood, K.A. (2011). Adapting the transtheoretical model of change to the bereavement process. Social Work, 56(2), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/56.2.107
Cantwell-Bartl, A. (2018). Grief and coping of parents whose child has a constant life-threatening disability, hypoplastic left heart syndrome with reference to the dual-process model. Death Studies, 42(9), 569-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2017.1407380
Caserta, M.S., & Lund, D.A. (2007). Toward the development of an inventory of daily widowed life (IDWL): guided by the dual process model of coping with bereavement. Death Studies, 31(6), 505-535. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180701356761
Chachar, A.S., Younus, S., & Ali, W. (2021). Developmental understanding of death and grief among children during covid-19 pandemic: application of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, Article 654584. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.654584
Chen, L., Fu, F., Sha, W., Chan, C.L.W., & Chow, A.Y.M. (2019). Mothers coping with bereavement in the 2008 China earthquake: a dual process model analysis. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 80(1), 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222817725181
Choi, W.S., Han, J., & Hong, H.J. (2023). Association between internet searches related to suicide/self-harm and adolescent suicide death in South Korea in 2016-2020: secondary data analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25(1), e46254. https://doi.org/10.2196/46254
Chow, A.Y.M. (2010). Anticipatory anniversary effects and bereavement: development of an integrated explanatory model. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 15(1), 54-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020902925969
Coenen, C., & Pimas, M. (2020). The creative toolkit for working with grief and bereavement: a practitioner’s guide with activities and worksheets. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Cohen, G. (2018). ‘The shadow of yesterday's triumph’: Pink Floyd's ‘Shine on’ and the stage theory of grief. Music Theory Spectrum, 40(1), 106-120. https://doi.org/10.1093/mts/mty011
Connor, G., Pang, N., & Willems, T. (2022). Introduction to the special issue ‘digital mortality: death and infrastructure’. Information Society, 38(3), 167-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2022.2071214
Crenshaw, D.A. (2006). An interpersonal neurobiological-informed treatment model for childhood traumatic grief. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 54(4), 319-335. https://doi.org/10.2190/b115-5526-0u27-4296
Currier, J.M., Holland, J.M., & Neimeyer, R.A. (2006). Sense-making, grief, and the experience of violent loss: toward a mediational model. Death Studies, 30(5), 403-428. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180600614351
Daniel, T. (2023). The stubborn persistence of grief stage theory. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 16(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228231184290
Den Elzen, K. (2021). Therapeutic writing through the lens of the grief memoir and dialogical self theory. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 34(2), 218-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2020.1717136
Dias, N., Hendricks-Ferguson, V.L., Wei, H., Boring, E., Sewell, K., & Haase, J.E. (2019). A systematic literature review of the current state of knowledge related to interventions for bereaved parents. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine, 36(12), 1124-1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909119858931
Dinneen, J.D., Krtalić, M., Davoudi, N., Hellmich, H., Ochsner, C., & Bressel, P. (2024). Information science and the inevitable: a literature review at the intersection of death and information management: an annual review of information science and technology (ARIST) paper. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 75(3), 268-297. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24861
Dominguez-Rodriguez, A., Sanz-Gomez, S., González Ramírez, L.P., Herdoiza-Arroyo, P.E., Trevino Garcia, L.E., de la Rosa-Gómez, A., González-Cantero, J.O., Macias-Aguinaga, V., & Miaja, M. (2023). The efficacy and usability of an unguided web-based grief intervention for adults who lost a loved one during the COVID-19 pandemic: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25(1), e43839. https://doi.org/10.2196/43839
Douglas, J., Alisauskas, A., Bassett, E., Duranseaud, N., Lee, T., & Mantey, C. (2022). 'These are not just pieces of paper’: acknowledging grief and other emotions in pursuit of person-centered archives. Archives & Manuscripts, 50(1), 5-29. https://doi.org/10.37683/asa.v50.10211
Droser, V.A. (2020). Information seeking and grief in bereaved emerging adults: a test of the theory of motivated information management. Southern Communication Journal, 85(1), 28-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794x.2019.1678194
Fasse, L., Sultan, S., Flahault, C., MacKinnon, C.J., Dolbeault, S., & Brédart, A. (2014). How do researchers conceive of spousal grief after cancer? A systematic review of models used by researchers to study spousal grief in the cancer context. Psycho-Oncology, 23(2), 131-142. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3412
Fasse, L., & Zech, E. (2016). Dual process model of coping with bereavement in the test of the subjective experiences of bereaved spouses: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 74(2), 212-238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222815598668
Field, N.P., Gao, B., & Paderna, L. (2005). Continuing bonds in bereavement: an attachment theory based perspective. Death Studies, 29(4), 277-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180590923689
Fiore, J. (2021). A systematic review of the dual process model of coping with bereavement (1999-2016). Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 84(2), 414-458, Article 0030222819893139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222819893139
Fisk, G.M. (2023). The complexity and embeddedness of grief at work: a social-ecological model. Human Resource Management Review, 33(2), Article 100929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2022.100929
Fourie, I. (2020). Contextual information behaviour analysis of grief and bereavement: temporal and spatial factors, multiplicity of contexts and person-in-progressive situation. Information Research, 25(4), paper isic2003. http://informationr.net/ir/25-4/isic2020/isic2003.html (Archived by the Internet Archive at https://web.archive.org/web/20201213192656/http://www.informationr.net/ir/25-4/isic2020/isic2003.html)
Fourie, I., & Julien, H. (2014). Ending the dance: a research agenda for affect and emotion in studies of information behaviour. Information Research, 19(4), 108–124. http://informationr.net/ir/19-4/isic/isic09.html (Archived by the Internet Archive at https://web.archive.org/web/20190810140538/http://www.informationr.net/ir//19-4/isic/isic09.html#.XU7PNXbP32c)
Fraley, R.C., & Bonanno, G.A. (2004). Attachment and loss: a test of three competing models on the association between attachment-related avoidance and adaptation to bereavement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(7), 878-890. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264289
Fraser, M.W., Richman, J.M., Galinsky, M.J., & Day, S.H. (2009). Intervention research: developing social programs. Oxford University Press.
Gamino, L.A., Sewell, K.W., & Easterling, L.W. (2000). Scott and white grief study - phase 2: toward an adaptive model of grief. Death Studies, 24(7), 633-660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07481180050132820
Gilbert, S., Mullen, J., Kelloway, E.K., Dimoff, J., Teed, M., & McPhee, T. (2021). The CARE model of employee bereavement support. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 26(5), 405-420. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000287
Gillies, J., & Neimeyer, R.A. (2006). Loss, grief, and the search for significance: toward a model of meaning reconstruction in bereavement. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 19(1), 31-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720530500311182
Given, L.M., Case, D.O. & Willson, R. (2023) eds. (5th. ed.). Looking for information: examining research on how people engage with information. Emerald Publishing Ltd.
Goetter, E., Bui, E., Horenstein, A., Baker, A.W., Hoeppner, S., Charney, M., & Simon, N.M. (2019). Five-factor model in bereaved adults with and without complicated grief. Death Studies, 43(3), 204-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1446059
Granek, L. (2010). Grief as pathology: the evolution of grief theory in psychology from Freud to the present. History of Psychology, 13(1), 46-73. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016991
Green, D., Karafa, K., & Wilson, S. (2021). Art therapy with grieving children: effect on affect in the dual-process model. Art Therapy, 38(4), 211-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07421656.2020.1823197
Guldin, M.B., & Leget, C. (2023). The integrated process model of loss and grief - an interprofessional understanding. Death Studies, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2023.2272960
Hamdan, J., & Sayyed, S.I. (2022). Strategies of Facebook users in offering condolences on a death anniversary: a case study from Jordan. First Monday, 27(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v27i2.11502
Hardt, M., Jobe-Shields, L., & Williams, J.L. (2019). Emotional security theory: an application to sibling bereavement. Death Studies, 43(10), 656-664. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1511637
Harris, D.L., & Winokuer, H.R. (2019). Principles and practice of grief counselling. (3rd. ed.). Springer Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/9780826173331
Hill, R.M., Kaplow, J.B., Oosterhoff, B., & Layne, C.M. (2019). Understanding grief reactions, thwarted belongingness, and suicide ideation in bereaved adolescents: toward a unifying theory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75(4), 780-793. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22731
Hogan, N., Morse, J.M., & Tason, M.C. (1996). Toward an experiential theory of bereavement. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 33(1), 43-65. https://doi.org/10.2190/gu3x-jwv0-ag6g-21fx
Holland, J.M., & Neimeyer, R.A. (2010). An examination of stage theory of grief among individuals bereaved by natural and violent causes: a meaning-oriented contribution. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 61(2), 103-120. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.61.2.b
Horacek, B.J. (1995). A heuristic model of grieving after high-grief deaths. Death Studies, 19(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481189508252710
Hutti, M.H., & Limbo, R. (2019). Using theory to inform and guide perinatal bereavement care. MCN-the American Journal of Maternal-Child Nursing, 44(1), 20-26. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmc.0000000000000495
Jacobs, S.C., Kosten, T.R., Kasl, S.V., Ostfeld, A.M., Berkman, L., & Charpentier, P. (1987). Attachment theory and multiple dimensions of grief. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 18(1), 41-52. https://doi.org/10.2190/8qd0-w9r6-qx96-a5k3
Jones, A.M., Deane, C., & Keegan, O. (2015). The development of a framework to support bereaved children and young people: the Irish Childhood Bereavement Care Pyramid. Bereavement Care, 34(2), 43-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02682621.2015.1063857
Jordan, J.R., & Ware, E.S. (1997). Feeling like a motherless child: a support group model for adults grieving the death of a parent. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 35(4), 361-376. https://doi.org/10.2190/pv8n-prm8-jwdp-2dxu
Justice, A.V. (2021). Stages of a grief collection: creating a focused section in a hospital library. Journal of Hospital Librarianship, 21(1), 93-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15323269.2021.1860640x
Kaplow, J.B., Layne, C.M., Saltzman, W.R., Cozza, S.J., & Pynoos, R S. (2013). Using multidimensional grief theory to explore the effects of deployment, reintegration, and death on military youth and families. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 16(3), 322-340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-013-0143-1
Kho, Y., Kane, R.T., Priddis, L., & Hudson, J. (2015). The nature of attachment relationships and grief responses in older adults: an attachment path model of grief. Plos One, 10(10), Article e0133703. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133703
Kissane, D.W., Bloch, S., McKenzie, M., McDowall, A.C., & Nitzan, R. (1998). Family grief therapy: a preliminary account of a new model to promote healthy family functioning during palliative care and bereavement. Psycho-Oncology, 7(1), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1611(199801/02)7:1<14::Aid-pon313>3.0.Co;2-d
Klass, D. (1999). Developing a cross-cultural model of grief: the state of the field. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 39(3), 153-178. https://doi.org/10.2190/bdtx-cye0-hl3u-nqqw
Klass, D., & Marwit, S.J. (1988). Toward a model of parental grief. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 19(1), 31-50. https://doi.org/10.2190/bvur-67kr-f52f-vw35
Kochen, E.M., Jenken, F., Boelen, P.A., Deben, L.M.A., Fahner, J.C., van den Hoogen, A., Teunissen, S., Geleijns, K., & Kars, M.C. (2020). When a child dies: a systematic review of well-defined parent-focused bereavement interventions and their alignment with grief- and loss theories. BMC Palliative Care, 19(1), Article 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-020-0529-z
Krippendorff, K. (2013). Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology. (3rd. ed.). Sage Publications.
Kuhlthau, C.C. (1999). The role of experience in the information search process of an early career information worker: perceptions of uncertainty, complexity, construction, and sources. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 50(5), 399-412.
Li, J., Chow, A.Y.M., Shi, Z., & Chan, C.L.W. (2015). Prevalence and risk factors of complicated grief among Sichuan earthquake survivors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 218-223. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.003
Lumb, A.B., Beaudry, M., & Blanchard, C. (2017). Posttraumatic growth and bereavement: the contribution of self-determination theory. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 75(4), 311-336. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222816652971
Lund, D., Caserta, M., Utz, R., & de Vries, B. (2010). Experiences and early coping of bereaved spouses/partners in an intervention based on the dual process model (DPM). Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 61(4), 291-313. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.61.4.c
Maccallum, F., & Bryant, R.A. (2013). A cognitive attachment model of prolonged grief: integrating attachments, memory, and identity. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 713-727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.05.001
Maciejewski, P.K., Zhang, B.H., Block, S.D., & Prigerson, H.G. (2007). An empirical examination of the stage theory of grief. Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association, 297(7), 716-723. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.7.716
Malkinson, R., & Brask-Rustad, T. (2013). Cognitive behavior couple therapy-REBT model for traumatic bereavement. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 31(2), 114-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-013-0164-1
Malkinson, R., Rubin, S.S., & Witztum, E. (2006). Therapeutic issues and the relationship to the deceased: working clinically with the two-track model of bereavement. Death Studies, 30(9), 797-815. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180600884723
Manevich, A., Rubin, S.S., Katz, M., Ben-Hayun, R., & Aharon-Peretz, J. (2023). Risk, resilience, and the two-track model of dementia grief among spouses of people living with cognitive decline. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 9, Article 23337214231171264. https://doi.org/10.1177/23337214231171264
Mason, T.M., & Tofthagen, C.S. (2019). Complicated grief of immediate family caregivers a concept analysis. Advances in Nursing Science, 42(3), 255-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ans.0000000000000243
May, E. (2023). Solidarity and care: information activism in the death panel podcast community. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science & Technology, 60(1), 1074-1076. https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.949
McDuffie, D.L., Allen, R.S., Crowther, M.R., & Black, S. (2022). Investigating the applicability of the two-track model of bereavement to a southern sample of African American adults. Death Studies, 46(9), 2056-2069. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2021.1880500
McKiernan, A., Ryan, P., McMahon, E., Bradley, S., & Butler, E. (2018). Understanding young people's relationship breakups using the dual processing model of coping and bereavement. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 23(3), 192-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2018.1426979
McManus, R., Walter, T., & Claridge, L. (2018). Restoration and loss after disaster: applying the dual-process model of coping in bereavement. Death Studies, 42(7), 405-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2017.1366599
MedlinePlus: Retrieved from: https://medlineplus.gov/bereavement.html
Meekings, S. (2019). Writing through loss: the rise of grief narratives through the lens of Linville's self-complexity theory. Life Writing, 16(3), 413-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/14484528.2018.1537048
Milman, E., Neimeyer, R.A., Fitzpatrick, M., MacKinnon, C.J., Muis, K.R., & Cohen, S.R. (2019). Prolonged grief and the disruption of meaning: establishing a mediation model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(6), 714-725. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000370
Minton, E.A., Wang, C.X., Anthony, C.M., & Fox, A.K. (2023). The process model of stigmatized loss: identity-threatened experiences of bereaved mothers. Qualitative Health Research, 33(14), 1262-1278. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323231203643
Moos, N.L. (1995). An integrative model of grief. Death Studies, 19(4), 337-364. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481189508252737
Morley, K.E. (2023). Everybody dies, so why don’t we talk about it: helping a grieving library colleague. Journal of Access Services, 20(1-2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15367967.2023.2186791
Neimeyer, R.A. (2006). Complicated grief and the reconstruction of meaning: conceptual and empirical contributions to a cognitive-constructivist model. Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice, 13(2), 141-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2006.00016.x
Nerken, I.R. (1993). Grief and the reflective self - toward a clearer model of loss resolution and growth. Death Studies, 17(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481189308252602
Nolan, R.D., & Hallam, J.S. (2019). Construct validity of the theory of grief recovery (TOGR): a new paradigm toward our understanding of grief and loss. American Journal of Health Education, 50(2), 88-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2019.1571964
Papadatou, D. (2000). A proposed model of health professionals' grieving process. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 41(1), 59-77. https://doi.org/10.2190/tv6m-8yna-5dyw-3c1e
Paun, O., & Cothran, F. (2019). Chronic grief management a live-streaming video, group-based intervention for family caregivers of individuals with dementia in long-term care. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 57(1), 17-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20180601-03
Poor, N., Skoric, M., & Lampe, C. (2022). Death of a child, birth of a guild: factors aiding the rapid formation of online support communities. Information Society, 38(3), 188-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2022.2071219
Pretorius, K., Choi, E., Kang, S., & Mackert, M. (2020). Sudden infant death syndrome on Facebook: qualitative descriptive content analysis to guide prevention efforts. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(7), e18474. https://doi.org/10.2196/18474
Redinbaugh, E.M., Schuerger, J.M., Weiss, L.L., Brufsky, A., & Arnold, R. (2001). Health care professionals' grief: a model based on occupational style and coping. Psycho-Oncology, 10(3), 187-198. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.507
Richardson, V.E. (2010). Length of caregiving and well-being among older widowers: implications for the dual process model of bereavement. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 61(4), 333-356. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.61.4.e
Rubin, S.S. (1999). The two-track model of bereavement: overview, retrospect, and prospect. Death Studies, 23(8), 681-714. https://doi.org/10.1080/074811899200731
Rubin, S.S., Manevich, A., & Doron, I.I. (2021). The two-track model of dementia grief (TTM-DG): the theoretical and clinical significance of the continuing bond in sickness and in death. Death Studies, 45(10), 755-771. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2019.1688014
Rubin, S.S., & Shechory-Stahl, M. (2012). The continuing bonds of bereaved parents: a ten-year follow-up study with the two-track model of bereavement. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 66(4), 365-384. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.66.4.f
Rubin, S., Witztum, E., & Malkinson, R. (2017). Bereavement and traumatic bereavement: working with the two-track model of bereavement. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 35(1), 78-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-016-0259-6
Schachter, S.R., & Georgopoulos, M. (2010). How the Calvary model of non-abandonment facilitates open communication in bereavement. Journal of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, 32(1), 25-29.
Sengupta, S., & Tacheva, J. (2021). Flames of justice in the virtual garden: a preliminary analysis of tweets around the death of an Indian celebrity. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science & Technology, 58(1), 833-835. https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.579
Shear, K., Monk, T., Houck, P., Melhem, N., Frank, E., Reynolds, C., & Sillowash, R. (2007). An attachment-based model of complicated grief including the role of avoidance. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257(8), 453-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-007-0745-z
Smith, K.V., & Ehlers, A. (2020). Cognitive predictors of grief trajectories in the first months of loss: a latent growth mixture model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(2), 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000438
Steffen, E.M., Milman, E., & Neimeyer, R.A. (2023). The handbook of grief therapies. Sage Publications.
Strawn, B.D. (2005). The paradox of loss: toward a relational theory of grief. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 33(4), 315-317.
Stroebe, M.S. (2001). Bereavement research and theory: retrospective and prospective. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(5), 854-865. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027640121956430
Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: rationale and description. Death Studies, 23(3), 197-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/074811899201046
Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (2015). Family matters in bereavement: toward an integrative intra-interpersonal coping model. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(6), 873-879. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615598517
Supiano, K.P. (2019). The role of theory in understanding grief. Death Studies, 43(2), 75-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1456678
Tatsuno, J., Yamase, H., & Yamase, Y. (2012). Grief reaction model of families who experienced acute bereavement in Japan. Nursing & Health Sciences, 14(2), 257-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2012.00688.x
Thieleman, K., Cacciatore, J., & Hill, P.W. (2014). Traumatic bereavement and mindfulness: a preliminary study of mental health outcomes using the ATTEND model. Clinical Social Work Journal, 42(3), 260-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-014-0491-4
Tian, X., & Solomon, D.H. (2020). A relational turbulence theory perspective on women's grief following miscarriage. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(6), 1852-1872, Article 0265407520910792. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520910792
Viney, L.L. (1991). The personal construct theory of death and loss - toward a more individually oriented grief therapy. Death Studies, 15(2), 139-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481189108252419
Walsh, T., Foreman, M., Curry, P., O'Driscoll, S., & McCormack, M. (2008). Bereavement support in an acute hospital: an Irish model. Death Studies, 32(8), 768-786. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180802289788
Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_counseling
Williams, H., Skalisky, J., Erickson, T.M., & Thoburn, J. (2021). Posttraumatic growth in the context of grief: testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 26(7), 611-623. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1855048
Williams, W.V., & Polak, P.R. (1979). Follow-up research in primary prevention - model of adjustment in acute grief. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35(1), 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197901)35:1<35::Aid-jclp2270350103>3.0.Co;2-o
Worden, J.W. (Ed.). (2018). Grief counseling and grief therapy: a handbook for the mental health practitioner. (5th. ed.). Springer Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/9780826134752
Worthington, R.C. (1994). Models of linear and cyclical grief - different approaches to different experiences. Clinical Pediatrics, 33(5), 297-300. https://doi.org/10.1177/000992289403300508
Wortmann, J.H., & Park, C.L. (2009). Religion/spirituality and change in meaning after bereavement: qualitative evidence for the meaning making model. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 14(1), 17-34, Article Pii 907256329. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020802173876
Yehene, E., Manevich, A., & Rubin, S.S. (2021). Caregivers' grief in acquired non-death interpersonal loss (NoDIL): a process based model with implications for theory, research, and intervention. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 676536. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676536
Yu, W., He, L., Xu, W., Wang, J.P., & Prigerson, H.G. (2016). How do attachment dimensions affect bereavement adjustment? A mediation model of continuing bonds. Psychiatry Research, 238, 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.030
Yu, Z.H., Liang, J.J., Guo, L.P., Jiang, L.R., Wang, J.Y., Ke, M.L., Shen, L., Zhou, N.N., & Liu, X.X. (2022). Psychosocial intervention on the dual-process model for a group of COVID-19 bereaved individuals in Wuhan: a pilot study. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, Article 00302228221083067. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228221083067
Zhang, N., Sandler, I., Thieleman, K., Wolchik, S., & O'Hara, K. (2023). Self-compassion for caregivers of children in parentally bereaved families: a theoretical model and intervention example. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 26(2), 430-444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-023-00431-w
Zimmerman, M.S. (2023). The information seeking behaviors and needs of suicide survivors during bereavement. Libri: International Journal of Libraries & Information Services, 73(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1515/libri-2021-0119
Websites
Grief Australia (https://www.grief.org.au/ga/ga/Support/Counselling.aspx)
Novia Scotia palliative care bereavement support program (https://www.nshealth.ca/clinics-programs-and-services/palliative-care-bereavement-program)
St Francis Hospice Dublin (https://www.sfh.ie/)
Vereniging Leven met Dood (www.vereniginglecenmetdood.nl)