A matter of facts? Linguistic tools in the context of information seeking and use in schools

Introduction

Information seeking takes place in social, communicative and discursive activities, as do various forms of learning (e.g. Sundin and Johannisson, 2005; Talja and McKenzie, 2007; Tuominen and Savolainen, 1997). This means that how information activities, such as information seeking and use, are spoken about influence how they are conceptualised, how they are understood in relation to other activities, and how they are enacted. Therefore, it becomes important to understand how information activities are talked about and negotiated in the communities we research. This paper takes its point of departure in the use of language in Swedish schools. In a series of research projects concerned with students' information activities for learning purposes we observed a recurring use of the term facts among students, teachers, and librarians. As information researchers, we were puzzled by the use of the term, as facts seemed to carry a wide range of different meanings. In this paper, we set out to explore this range of meanings and to discuss what the meanings ascribed to facts may imply for students' learning and for how we research information seeking in schools.

This study draws on empirical data from four previous research projects focussing on information activities in Swedish schools during the period 2002–2008. The discourse around facts was not the primary object of study in these projects, but it repeatedly drew attention to itself. For instance, it was noted that students made a fairly sharp distinction between facts and opinions (Francke, Sundin and Limberg, 2011; Sundin and Francke, 2009). Facts, in the speech of students in upper secondary schools, were often closely connected to particular genres or modalities and it was clear that genres or modalities connected to facts were in focus for the majority of the students' information seeking for the purposes of school work (Gärdén, 2010; Sundin and Francke, 2009). Students and teachers in primary school described pictures in a similar manner, as something that was not facts or information. Pictures were mainly talked about as decorations; an observation that was supported by an analysis of the way pictures were used in the children's written reports (Lundh and Alexandersson, 2012; Lundh and Limberg, 2012). The current study expands the previous findings by investigating the meanings attributed to facts in these school settings through re-analysis of the material.

Our studies have taken place in contexts where students work with independent learning tasks, in educational designs often referred to as inquiry-based learning, self-directed learning, or students' research. During the last twenty years, this type of pedagogical practice has been widely adopted in schools both in Sweden and elsewhere. This type of practice has reshaped conditions for learning and education. During the same period, students' independent information seeking and use has been facilitated by the rapid technological development and the globalisation of network technology which allows almost limitless access to information (Alexandersson and Limberg, 2012).

The use of facts in school

In this paper we look at the way facts is used by students and other actors in school settings in Sweden. In our previous studies, the participants' use of facts has been apparent, but has not been the primary unit of analysis. As far as we are aware, few other studies have paid attention to the way facts are incorporated into the school discourse. An exception is a study in a Swedish upper secondary school context in which Lilja (2012) observed group assignments where fact-finding, understood as finding simple pieces of information, was contrasted to process-orientation and to deeper knowledge. In what Lilja calls a 'meta-language for organizing learning' (2012, p. 74f.), which was employed by students and teachers in their negotiations of the assignment, facts were associated with explaining concepts or the term was used for speaking about sources that were collected, before the sources had been transformed into new text.

More commonly, researchers – rather than the students themselves – use the term facts when analysing how students use information for their assignments. For instance, Limberg's (1999) qualitative study of the interaction between information seeking and learning showed that variations in how information seeking and use are understood correlate with variations in the quality of students' learning when they work on a complex school assignment. Of particular importance to the present study is that students who perceived of information seeking as what Limberg called fact-finding – to seek pre-determined answers – also displayed low understanding of the topic of the assignment. An understanding of information seeking as relating various sources to each other and creating meaning from them, on the other hand, led students to reach the learning outcomes which focused on arguing critically in relation to a controversial topic. Similarly, Hakkarainen (2003) identified the culture of learning created by the teacher in the classroom as crucial for getting students to focus on explanations rather than factual knowledge, as expressed through the research questions posed by the students, the type of information seeking that the students conducted, and the answers they produced.

These findings were elaborated on by Todd (2006), who studied how students' understanding of a topic changed during a project which required the students to search for information and use it to present their new understanding. The study, which was carried out in ten schools in New Jersey, USA, showed that the majority of the students' statements about what they had learnt could be coded as statements that focus on facts. The researcher classified factual statements as describing properties; processes or actions; and a set membership or class inclusion. Statements that focussed on facts became more frequent as the students proceeded through their information seeking process, and this development was more prominent than the changes to the statements that focussed on explanations, results, causality, and synthesis. These results indicate that, regardless of what we call it, students' use of specific and often rather context-free information is common in school settings.

In a later article, drawing on several studies of information seeking and learning, Alexandersson and Limberg (2012) distinguished between two types of factual knowledge identified in their studies in Swedish schools: type I, which is decontextualised or itemised, and often characterised by being right or wrong or being of a quantitative nature; and type II, which is rather a selection of facts from an imagined whole or context. Much of what is identified as facts in students' work in the studies above concerns type I facts, whereas type II facts are emphasised by the authors as a condition for developing meaningful and critical knowledge. Both Todd (2006) and Limberg (2007) attribute the students' use of type I facts to the way students (and educators) formulate questions and assignments that do not encourage a critical and synthesising approach to the sources they use. Limberg (2007), in turn, links this to a long-standing school tradition where learning is viewed as searching for and delivering the right answer (see also Furberg, 2010).

The term facts is used not only in research publications, but also in other genres that arguably have great influence in the school setting, namely in curricula, governmental reports and other expressions of political discourse around schools. For instance, in the official reports (Läroplanskommittén, 1992) leading up to the Swedish national curricula that were implemented in the 1990s, the notion of facts is contrasted to knowledge as understanding, and to analytical and critical abilities. These ways of speaking about knowledge are repeated in those curricula (Lpf94; Lpo94) as well as in the current ones (Lgr 11; Gy 11). A recent report from the Swedish Schools Inspectorate on the quality of teaching in social studies in secondary school (14–16 year-olds) observed a frequently occurring one-sided focus on what the authors of the report term facts at the expense of more analytical and critical approaches in teaching and learning about topics and issues in social studies (Skolinspektionen, 2013, p. 14).

Hence, the term facts is used by information seeking researchers, in Swedish school policy documents and, as described in the introduction above, in the everyday information activities in Swedish schools. However, the term seems to be ascribed somewhat different meanings in the different communities. Previous studies on information seeking and learning have thus concluded that students who regard information seeking solely as fact-finding run the risk of constructing a fragmented understanding of their school topics. Nonetheless, the term facts is frequently used in schools today, from primary to upper secondary school.

Aim and research questions

The aim of this paper is to further our knowledge of how facts are spoken about and ascribed meaning in information activities in Swedish schools. This aim will be achieved by means of an analysis of instances where the term facts is mentioned in interactions between students, teachers, librarians and/or other school staff working on complex assignments during the first decade of the 2000s. The analysis is guided by two research questions:

1. How is the term facts used in interactions in relation to complex school assignments?
2. What might the meanings of facts imply for students' opportunities for learning?

Theoretical perspective

The idea of information activities as social, communicative, and discursive activities derives from a sociocultural understanding of human meaning-making, interaction, and learning. The present study, as well as the previous projects that it builds on (e.g. Francke, Sundin and Limberg, 2011; Gärdén, 2010; Limberg, Alexandersson, Lantz-Andersson and Folkesson, 2008; Lundh, 2011), is based on the writings of sociocultural theorists, such as Lankshear and Knobel (2011), Linell (2009), Säljö (2000; 2005), and Wertsch (1998). In recent years, sociocultural perspectives have been employed in several studies of information seeking and information literacies (e.g. Eckerdal, 2013; Johansson, 2012; Lloyd, 2012; Sundin and Johannisson, 2005; Wang, Bruce and Hughes, 2011).

To understand information seeking and use as taking place in contexts has been an imperative – albeit much discussed – within information behaviour and information practice research at least since the 1990s (e.g. Talja, Keso and Pietilainen, 1999; Vakkari, Savolainen and Dervin, eds., 1997). From a sociocultural point of view, contexts are seen as locally produced in situated activities, which in turn are shaped by – and simultaneously are shaping – overarching historical traditions and practices (see Linell, 2009, p. 190). Thus, in order to understand students' information seeking, information use, and learning, these activities need to be seen as part of local school cultures, as well as overarching school traditions that span over longer historical periods.

When students learn to seek and use information in school, this learning consists of many parts; students have to coordinate cognitive, material, and discursive actions in a way that makes sense and is sanctioned in the school context (see Lankshear and Knobel, 2011p. 33-50). Schools are institutions characterised by explicit and implicit norms that students have to relate to (see Limberg, 2007). Such norms can be locally constructed, as well as built on century-long traditions of how schooling is 'done'. This implies that students need to learn not only subject content, but also to act and speak in ways that are considered appropriate for a student, which includes ways of performing and speaking about information seeking and use (see Lundh, Francke and Sundin, forthcoming; Säljö, 2005, p. 49f.).

For researchers it becomes important to explore both local cultures and historical traditions when trying to gain a deeper understanding of information activities in school. In this particular study, we focus on something that seemed to be prevalent in local, as well as general school cultures in Sweden during the 2000s, namely the way of speaking about information activities as something that involves the seeking and use of facts. In sociocultural terms, the use of the term facts can be seen as a linguistic tool (e.g. Sundin and Johannisson, 2005, p. 34ff.) used by students, teachers, librarians, and other staff to describe, understand, and interact around school information activities.

Methods, material and analysis

The empirical focus in the study is the use of language in situated school activities. The study is based on a material that was collected through four different research projects in the 2000s. The studies aimed to collect material as close to the activities in school as possible. Thus, the research projects have all been inspired by ethnographical methods, which include observations using field notes (in one case using video camera); collection of documents, such as instructions; correspondence between students and teachers (in one case in the form of student blogs); and interviews conducted individually or in groups.

The material was collected between 2002 and 2008 and involved 14 classes from year 2 to year 12, as well as one class of adult students in upper secondary adult education. A selection of data from the original projects has been chosen purposefully. The material that is analysed for this study is shown in table 1.

Even if data were collected in four different studies, all students shared the context of working with independent learning tasks. This means that the students were expected to search for, select, assess, use and produce information as part of independent, complex school assignments. The students were working on assignments in social studies, natural sciences, languages, art, and in some cases, in projects designed to be interdisciplinary.

The analysis of the extensive material has been conducted in different stages. In the first stage, each of the four researchers identified instances where facts were mentioned in the material that she had been part of collecting or analysing. The researcher then anonymised those instances and made them available to the others in a shared document. The document consisted of over a hundred pages of text, including excerpts from interview transcripts, field notes, and student blogs. All occurrences of the word facts were marked and numbered, 565 in total. In the next stage, the research team analysed parts of the material together in a joint workshop. An analysis scheme was created inductively and it included five categories: 1) What facts were associated with; 2) What facts were opposed to; 3) What properties facts were described to have; 4) Verbs that were used together with facts; and 5) In which situations facts were mentioned, who spoke and who was present. Following this, each researcher analysed the occurrences from the studies she had been involved in, and occurrences that were found problematic were discussed in a second joint workshop.

Through interpretative comparisons, the analysis in the next stage generated three themes. The material was re-arranged according to these themes and analysed more in-depth. The themes were constructed through focusing on dominant ideas in each of the categories. As can be expected, the analysed material also included counter-voices to the dominant themes. In the presentation of the three themes below, examples of non-typical uses of facts will also be presented in order to illustrate the complexity of the material. When quotes from the data are included, a translation has been made from Swedish into English.

Findings

A general conclusion is that the term facts is used frequently in the materials from all stages of the Swedish educational system. This strengthens our initial observations from previous analyses which were based on more specific situations. Facts is used both by students and by educators, and is also included in some of the written instructions to the students. In the following, the three overarching themes that were the result of the analysis will be presented.

Facts according to genre and modality

When students work with complex school assignments, it is often a requirement that they seek and use information from a variety of sources. Their use of information is in most cases supposed to result in text production, for instance in the form of a written report, as the ability to formulate new text from various forms of documents is central to inquiry-based learning. It is in the context of the focus on seeking information in various sources involved in this work process that we may understand the first analytical theme, in which facts were spoken of in relation to genre or modality.

Students primarily spoke of facts in two ways in relation to genres and modalities. On the one hand it had to do with how and where they searched for facts, which connected the term to particular sources or genres. On the other hand, it was associated with their use of facts. This concerned primarily the genre of the school report and, more specifically, in which parts of the report facts were included.

The most common way for students to describe facts was to specify sources where facts could be found. Sources included books, online and encyclopedias, particularly Wikipedia. Despite the short time span between the studies, some differences in relation to technology appropriation could be detected when facts were described in relation to resource. It was more common to describe facts as 'what's on Wikipedia' in the studies conducted late in the examined period, while it was more common to describe facts as 'what's in books' at the beginning of the period. In the latter part of the 2000s, the students and school staff also seem to describe more complex ways of analysing and distinguishing different texts on the Internet from each other. Blogs, for instance, are used to exemplify what facts are not, as illustrated in quote Da44, where three students in upper secondary school discuss how to use blogs for school work. Blogs were considered valuable in some cases, but mainly as background about people's opinions about a topic and as inspiration to forming ideas of one's own, not as something to build a case on in a school assignment.

Erik: I think those blogs are pretty interesting too, because, well, you can see what people think, too.
Ebba: Yes, but I don't really trust such sources. I don't know why.
Edith: But I don't think it can be used as, sort of, facts in that case, it's more like...
Ebba: To get opinions maybe?
Edith: Yes, to get opinions [...].
Quote Da44

Facts, in the context of genre, is often described by explaining what it is not and in many of the quotes images are mentioned as the opposite of facts, for example in quote Cc26, where two young students are talking about the next step of their work. Furthermore, cultural expressions, such as film and music, and commercial content, exemplified by advertisements in newspapers or on web sites, are usually not considered to be facts.

A: We have so much facts, I can't take any more facts!
B: I can't take more pictures either.
A: Me neither.
Quote Cc26

Students' school work is closely connected to understanding the school report as a genre (Gärdén, 2010). Consequently, facts were also discussed in relation to how they would be used in the final report. In these descriptions, facts constitute the middle of the report and facts were occasionally contrasted to, on the one hand, table of contents and introduction and, on the other, analysis, reflection, and conclusion. The school report thus emerges as a genre in which facts are placed between questions and answers, and where facts should not be mixed with personal opinions.

Many of the students were working with multimodal information resources, but the results show that text remains the dominant modality in terms of school work. Written sources were common when the students spoke of facts, and the term was associated with Wikipedia, books, and what can be found on the Internet, for instance on various homepages. It is interesting to note that only a few students in the vast material expressed that facts are what you find in or through libraries, even though school librarians in many cases were involved in the assignments. Another typical way in which facts were described and which is discussed in more detail below was to associate them with numbers: years, statistics, percent, populations, or areas.

Facts as concrete external entities

The second theme that was identified in our analysis was that of facts as being distinguishable, external, tangible, and quantifiable. In other words, facts are described as being possible to discern from other types of information; to be found outside the individual; to be concrete entities that one can, for example, possess, use, move, and manipulate; as something that there can be more or less of; and as numeral information.

Across the material, facts are often equated or associated with information. One example is found in quote Dd98, where an upper secondary school student describes in a blog post his information seeking for an assignment:

I wanted to look for facts and information for our gender assignment that is about gender in kindergarten.
Quote Dd98

Quote Dd98 is an example where facts are associated with information. In this instance, it is not clear if this association means that facts are seen as the same thing as information or as something different from information. In other examples however, facts seem to be used interchangeably with information. In quote Dd98, facts are also seen as something particular – they are a certain type of details about something – which is distinguishable from other types of information. This impression, that facts are something identifiable and discernable, is also reinforced by the way the term is frequently used in its definite form, 'the facts' ('faktan'), throughout the material. This is quite unusual in Swedish, but is prevalent in the analysed material.

Furthermore, in quote Dd98, facts are 'looked for'. Many of the verbs used together with facts throughout the analysed material, such as 'finding facts', 'searching for facts', 'gathering facts', and 'getting facts' indicate that facts are external. These ways of describing what one does with facts also suggests that facts could be described as something tangible. Expressions which indicate that facts, for example, can be printed, flicked through, copied, owned, and picked strengthen the impression that facts are seen as physical entities. Intangible phenomena, such as thoughts, ways of thinking, and personal stories, are also described by participants as not being facts, which supports the interpretation of facts as being concrete.

The impression of facts as tangible is further strengthened by the ways in which facts are described as quantifiable. For example, it is described that you can have more or less facts, that you can have too many facts, and that you can have a certain number of pages with facts. In addition to the descriptions of facts as being quantifiable, the contents of facts are also described as being calculable, as for example statistics, numbers, and years.

However, there are a few examples in the material that contradict the above analysis. One is the idea that ancient remains from archaeological excavations – which indeed could be seen as distinguishable, external, tangible, and perhaps even quantifiable – are not regarded as facts, as they are the foundations of theories. Quote Ab56 is from a seminar where a teacher explains to his/her students why there is little known about the Incas.

What you also have to think about is that there aren't a lot of facts [and this] is because there simply is not much left from this period, and most things they have found from this period are through excavations on which people have then built theories of how they may have lived.
Quote Ab56

In quote Ab56, ancient remains and, by extension, theories are opposed to facts. Ideas of facts as characterised by the absence of contradictions and vagueness are explored further in the next section.

Facts as true and neutral

The third theme gathers utterances around facts as being evidence, true, and neutral. Possibly the strongest indication of what facts are, as expressed in the material, has to do with one of the things that facts are not, namely opinions (see quote Da44 above). The view that facts are not opinions is expressed in three of the four studies – the ones with older students – and by both students and teachers. In some cases, focus is on the opinions of others, as when discussing opinions as something expressed in blogs, and in other cases it is emphasised that the student's own opinions must be supported by facts. Related phenomena also described as not being facts are personal stories, eyewitness accounts, and interviews. The strong dialectics that are formed between facts and opinions in the utterances may lead us in one of two directions when trying to understand what facts are: on the one hand, they are perceived as objective or neutral and on the other hand they are associated with evidence. The following two quotes from students' blog postings illustrate those two associations:

What I view as facts is stuff that sounds credible and which isn't people's individual opinions. It shouldn't be biased in any way-
Quote Dd100

The opinions we found in the article felt good to have as they were strengthened by scientific facts.
Quote Dd74

Facts are associated with objectivity and neutrality but also contrasted to expressions of bias, exaggeration, invention and expressed values. Common adjectives used to describe facts are pure, neutral, clear, cold and independent. The expression pure facts seems to be particularly strong in the discourse of the Swedish school. Related is also the view of facts as evidence which can prove or support claims or opinions. As in the excerpt Dd74 above, facts are connected to science and research. In this particular quote, the opinions referred to can be understood as scientific theories which are supported by facts, but which are not uncontroversial.

Facts are often discussed in terms of truth, knowledge or credibility and as something that can be verified. But facts can also be unreliable or untrue. The students speak quite frequently of facts that are false or used to support faulty claims. This could indicate either a more reflective, critical stance towards the truth claims of facts, or a perception of facts as a particular kind of distinguishable piece of information which looks like (but is not necessarily) evidence, and which can be deceptive. This latter stance is illustrated in quote Dd56-57.

[...] a lot of web pages with student essays that I don't like to use, personally, since they are written by people unknown to me, [and] they can contain opinions that I can mistake for facts. And then the facts that I report won't be true.
Quote Dd56-57

This view of facts as containing false claims also motivates, or is motivated by, a need to evaluate sources, something that is also mentioned in relation to facts. Even though a view of facts as being true and neutral and providing evidence comes across as an ideal of pure facts, the students often display an awareness that this ideal may not always be the reality – that what they consider to be facts can be deceptive or can be manipulated to support views that they should not rely on. Thus, according to some of the utterances in the studies, there is reason to be cautious and reflective around facts, although less so than around opinions.

Discussion and conclusions

In the above analysis, we have illustrated how the term facts is used in interaction taking place in relation to complex school assignments. We will now turn to the question of what the identified themes might imply for students' opportunities for learning, and also discuss consequences for information seeking research conducted in school contexts.

On an overall level, the findings of our study illustrate how the term facts functioned as a linguistic tool in information activities in Swedish schools. Facts were in many cases associated with particular genres, especially textual genres, and considered to be distinguishable, external, neutral and true. We argue that use of the term, which is prevalent already in the early school years, can be said to be a part of Swedish school culture during this very recent historical period (see also Lilja, 2012). Previous studies have shown that complex assignments that involve students' independent information seeking and use require that the students are supported to go beyond mere searching of type I facts (see Alexandersson and Limberg, 2012). In light of this, the idea that facts are concrete pieces of neutral and textual information can be seen as highly limiting for students' opportunities for learning. However, the picture that emerges from the analysis is more complex than that. The analysis shows a variation in how the study participants talked about facts and that the term seems to be used in wider ways than what was anticipated. For example, we can see that the students, especially in the higher forms, discuss how facts are difficult to assess and must be used with the same caution as other types of information. In many cases, facts seems to be used as a place-holder, to refer to a wide variety of accepted content which is to be included in certain parts of the school report.

The frequent use of the term facts to refer to a valuable type of information can be seen as a consequence of the difficult task of working with assignments, where the students are supposed to analyse complex questions and draw their own conclusions, within a school context which historically has been focussed on correct answers. In addition, though, the different ways of describing facts can also be understood as a result of the students moving between and across disciplinary boundaries in their assignments. For example, the understanding of what constitutes a fact in archeology (which was mentioned in one of the empirical examples) might not be the same as in physics or political science. The students in primary and secondary school, however, do not yet seem to be equipped to handle these crossings between different epistemological and paradigmatic demarcation lines, and we found few examples where the nature of facts was the topic of conversation between teachers (or librarians) and students, which in turn indicates that the opportunities to develop these abilities are few.

Nevertheless, the Swedish national curriculum (Lgr 11) includes quite advanced learning goals already for school years 1–3 linked to abilities to seek and use information for exploring and understanding society and nature (Lgr 11, p. 178), as well as abilities to evaluate and use information from various sources (Lgr 11, p. 201). In the upper forms, the goals are highly sophisticated related to the critical use of information (see Sundin, Francke & Limberg, 2011). With such goals, we may assume that the dominant uses of the term facts, as they come forward in our findings, will not help students develop more varied understandings of epistemological and paradigmatic differences. Rather, frequent use of the term facts in connection to information activities for complex school assignments risks limiting students' possibilities to develop ways of learning meaningfully via such assignments. It is worth observing that our material provides a number of examples of how teachers, as well, use the term facts in both oral and written instructions to students about how to carry out assignments, for example when it comes to the use of facts in the content section of students' school reports. A practical implication of this is the importance of educators and students sharing a joint language, so that the students and educators have a shared understanding of commonly used terms. To increasingly discuss information and learning activities as fundamentally social and linguistic activities in teacher and librarian education may be one step towards forming such sensibilities (see Gärdén, 2010; Säljö, 2005).

For information seeking research, it is obviously important to reach in-depth understandings of ways of speaking about information activities in school (or other cultural) practices and what the terms used signify. To reach such understandings, it seems important that researchers adopt an open and explorative approach to the activities studied without adopting a predetermined view of the linguistic tools used in school activities. Studies of information activities situated in particular practices need to both take the conditions of the specific practice into account and at the same time go beyond the practice studied to shape more far-reaching understandings about information activities. In our study, the sociocultural perspective and the view of the term facts as a linguistic tool opened up a wide range of meanings attributed to the term facts and further contributed to new insights into conditions for student learning linked to complex school assignments.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the many hundred study participants who have shared their activities, artefacts, conversations, and communications with us, as well as colleagues involved in the original projects: Mikael Alexandersson, Lena Folkesson, Mimmi Kylemark, Annika Lantz-Andersson, and Olof Sundin.

The authors are all members of The Linnaeus Centre for Research on Learning, Interaction and Mediated Communication in Contemporary Society (LinCS). One of the original projects, Learning via the school library, was funded by the Swedish Agency for School Improvement 2001–2003, and another, Expertise, Authority and Control on the Internet (EXACT), was funded by the Swedish Research Council, during 2008–2010, dnr 2007–3399.

About the authors

Cecilia Gärdén (PhD, 2010, University of Gothenburg, Sweden) is Senior Lecturer at the Swedish School of Library and Information Science, University of Borås. She can be contacted at Cecilia.Garden@hb.se
Helena Francke (PhD, 2008, University of Gothenburg, Sweden) is Senior Lecturer at the Swedish School of Library and Information Science, University of Borås. She can be contacted at Helena.Francke@hb.se
Anna Hampson Lundh (PhD, 2011, University of Gothenburg, Sweden) is Senior Research Fellow, the School of Education, Curtin University, Australia, and Senior Lecturer at the Swedish School of Library and Information Science, University of Borås. She can be contacted at Anna.Lundh@hb.se
Louise Limberg (PhD, 1998, University of Gothenburg, Sweden) is Professor Emerita at the Swedish School of Library and Information Science, University of Borås. She can be contacted at Louise.Limberg@hb.se